Xestia normanianus, a dart moth, nectaring on lance-leaved aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum) at night.
What do moths do at night anyway? Some of them visit flowers for nectar.
Back in August, I was wandering about in the woods at night looking for foxfire fungi. At the head of the trail on my way out, I saw a sunflower plant with something on the flowers. It was a green tree cricket (Oecanthus) eating the stamens in the sunflower florets.
The next night, I went back but this time with my camera, hoping to find more tree crickets. I had my LED headlamp on like the previous night and used it to illuminate the flowers and foliage where I wanted to photograph. I also set the flash of my camera to “on”.
Although I could hear tree crickets in the bushes, I didn’t see any this time. What I did see were lots of moths on sunflowers and asters. Aiming the lamp’s beam at the flowers, I then pointed my camera at the moths and began taking photos. I wasn’t using a tripod, so many were blurry. Some were also overexposed by the bright LED light. But a few turned out.
Feltia jaculifera nectaring on a sawtooth sunflower (Helianthus grosseratus)Nephelodes minians nectaring on a sawtooth sunflower (Helianthus grosseratus)
The moth species (Xestia normanianus, Feltia jaculifera, and Nephelodes minians) I found on flowers at night came as no surprise. These and other dart moth species are common visitors to my moth lights. But it was exciting to see them going about their normal activities in a natural setting. I never did find any foxfire this year.
Moths weren’t the only visitors to flowers at night. I wonder if this crab spider was sleeping or waiting for a moth.
At the end of my drive, I have a small planter partially embedded in the ground. In it, I plant sunflowers and heavenly blue morning glories. This year, I added red-leaved cannas. I also planted scarlet runner beans and thunbergia. Rabbits devoured those even with the fence. But the sunflowers, morning glories, and cannas survived.
To supplement the soil in the planter, I added some purchased compost. Usually, that’s a safe thing to do. Sometimes, though, I have gotten bonus plants like Ranunculus sceleratus (blistering buttercup) and Oxybasis glauca (oak-leaf pigweed). Not that I minded.
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
This year, Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) came with the compost. Not that it bothers me. I have always found this tropical annual fascinating. Other people, like corn and soy farmers, would probably differ.
But I live far from big ag country.So this velvetleafplant does not need to fear the sting of herbicides. Abutilon theophrasti, with its soft velvety, roundish leaves, their primary veins radiating from a central point, all connected by fine, parallel secondary veins, and branches tipped by tiny five-petaled orange flowers followed by enormous seed capsules, is welcome here if it behaves.
A Lophocampa maculata caterpillar that has been feeding on a balsam poplar leaf on a sunny afternoon in September.
When fall is coming, many fuzzy caterpillars start to show up in the grass and on low trees. A familiar one is the woolly bear caterpillar, which is alleged to foretell the severity of the coming winter. Longer black bands are said to mean a colder winter, while longer orange bands mean a milder winter.
The yellow-spotted tussock moth (Lophocampa maculata) is another fuzzy caterpillar often seen in the fall. It is also a relative of the woolly bear in the Family Erebidae, Subfamily Arctiinae (tiger moths and lichen moths). No word on its meteorological abilities.
Caterpillar decription
The younger Lophocampa maculatacaterpillars are orange and without the black ends. When fully grown, it develops a yellow to orange central band, capped by shorter back bands at each end. Some will also have black dots in the yellow band. All the hairs of this fuzzy caterpillar are in clusters called fascicles. The shorter ones that cover most of the body remind me of splayed paint brushes. Tufts of stiff white hairs (“lashes”) poke out from the shorter, denser body hairs of the head and posterior black bands.
Caterpillar variations
Below are some variations of the caterpillar’s coloring on larvae I found just a few miles away from my home. All have spots down the back, and two do not have black anteriors or posteriors. The one on the left is feeding on beaked hazel, the middle one is on tag alder, and the one on the right is feeding on shining willow.
Adult Lophocampa maculata moths are distinguished by a contrasting pattern of alternating bands of warm, muted golden-orange and darker brown markings with a reddish-orange tinge
Life cycle
After hatching from eggs laid in summer, the Lophocampa maculata caterpillar feeds and grows. Preferred food plants are deciduous tree leaves such as aspen, willow, birch, oak, maple, and apple.
When cold weather seems inevitable, the caterpillar goes into pupation to wait out the winter. The pupa is enclosed in a silken cocoon attached to plant leaves.In my area, between late June and early July, the moths will hatch from their cocoons to fly in search of a mate, beginning the process again.
This yellow-spotted tussock moth (Lophocampa maculata) came to my light this summer on June 29th.
Similar species
Lophocampa caryae adults are similar to Lophocampa maculata, but the forewing is yellow with brown shading and lacks the yellow band on the terminal ends of the forewing. Their larvae are white with black markings and long hairs. It is found mainly in the northeast. Like Lophocampa maculata, the larvae are polyphagous and feed on leaves of hickory, ash, oak, maple, elm, and other woody plants and vines.
Macrochilo bivittata is one of those moths I look forward to seeing every year. It isn’t a showy species, just a small triangular-shaped moth with four dark stripes against a buff to brown background, some prominent wing venation, and two pairs of dots. It is in the Herminiinae or litter moths, named because the larvae of many species feed on fallen or dead leaves and fallen fruit.
The reason I get excited about seeing it again is that where I live is one of the few known places in North America where it occurs.Across its range, Macrochilo bivittata is uncommon to rare. Minnesota and Wisconsin appear to have the largest number of observations. The rarity of Macrochilo bivittata may be a lack of verified observations and not rarity based on specialized habits or food requirements, loss of habitat, or replacement by a non-native species. More searches in appropriate habitat could help to resolve this.
A few Macrochilo bivittata moths come to my moth light every year in July. But it is in a nearby old marsh grass hayfield, now reverting to sedge meadow-shrub carr wetland, where I see many more. As I walk through the tall grasses, sedges, and willow shrubs, dozens of these little moths fly ahead of me to escape the disturbance.
The sedge meadow-shrub carr wetland where Macrochilo bivittata lives. Except for a few patches of canary grass, most of the plant species here are native.
The food preferences of Macrochilo bivittata are not known. It is thought their larvae feed on leaf litter like other members of the Herminiinae. There is certainly an abundance of leaf litter out there under the grasses and willows in the old hayfield. Macrochilo bivittata seems to be doing very well with that.
Not Very Far Away 